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  1. I take a very broad view of fallacies. Any trick of logic or language
    which allows a statement or a claim to be passed off as
    something it is not has an admission card to the enclosure
    reserved for fallacies. Very often it is the case that what appears
    to be a supporting argument for a particular contention does not
    support it at all. Sometimes it might be a deduction drawn from
    evidence which does not sustain it.
    Many of the fallacies are committed by people genuinely
    ignorant of logical reasoning, the nature of evidence, or what
    counts as relevant material. Others, however, might be committed
    by persons bent on deception. If there is insufficient force
    behind the argument and the evidence, fallacies can add enough
    weight to carry them through.

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